When the immune system reacts to something it believes to be harmful—even if the chemical in question is usually harmless—allergic reactions might occur. These things, sometimes referred to as allergens, could cause an immunological response in certain people, which might result in the symptoms of an allergic reaction. The main job of the immune system is to protect the body from dangerous intruders like viruses and bacteria. Allergies, on the other hand, result from the immune system responding abnormally to truly harmless chemicals. The process of an allergic reaction involves 4 main steps to which the body reacts to an unknown external agent, and these are: Sensitization, SubsequentExposure, Release of Chemicals and Symptoms.
Sensitization occurs the first time an allergen is exposed, and it usually does not result in an allergic reaction right away. As an alternative, it makes the immune system more sensitive to the substance's potential for harm. The immune system reacts to the allergen during this first exposure by making specialized antibodies known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). When the same allergen is exposed again, it attaches to IgE antibodies on the surface of immune cells called basophils and mast cells.
Histamine is among the substances that are released by the mast cells and basophils because of this binding. The symptoms of an allergic reaction are brought on by histamine and other substances. The symptoms of an allergic reaction can vary but may include sneezing, itching, hives, swelling, runny nose, watery eyes, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, some foods (including dairy, shellfish, and nuts), insect venom, and some drugs are examples of common allergies. The allergens that cause reactions can differ greatly from person to person.
Allergies affect some people differently than others for a variety of complicated reasons that include both genetic and environmental variables. An individual's susceptibility to allergies is influenced by genetics, and allergies can develop over time because of exposure to allergens and other environmental variables.
It's crucial to remember that although allergies are widespread and frequently treatable, severe allergic reactions, or anaphylaxis, can be fatal and necessitate prompt medical attention. Healthcare professionals, such as allergists who specialize in treating allergic diseases, can help identify and manage allergies. Avoiding allergens, using medicine (such as antihistamines and adrenaline), and in certain situations, immunotherapy are all possible forms of treatment.
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